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2025-02-11T16:17:44Z

The Civil Engineering context

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	This will require the disciplined development and integrated application of empirical and theoretical knowledge, effective meta-knowledge, and meta-data in a manner that executes the project, manages risk, adds value, and meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, which is the purpose of the '''civil engineering discipline'''.<br>		This will require the disciplined development and integrated application of empirical and theoretical knowledge, effective meta-knowledge, and meta-data in a manner that executes the project, manages risk, adds value, and meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, which is the purpose of the '''civil engineering discipline'''.<br>

	''See also [[Infrastructure Project Management and Civil Engineering ~~Practices Based on Lessons from the Second Avenue Subway Project~~]].''		''See also [[Bridging the Gaps: Better Infrastructure Project Management and Civil Engineering]].''

	The '''civil engineering profession''' intends to deliver products, services, and projects in a manner that meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, thereby earning social trust and gaining recognition as environmental stewards. The primary vehicle for fulfilling this intent is thru projects. Therefore, the civil engineering profession will continue to focus on defining, selecting, and implementing projects geared toward improving our natural and built environment, with sustainability being a key consideration and opportunity.<br>		The '''civil engineering profession''' intends to deliver products, services, and projects in a manner that meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, thereby earning social trust and gaining recognition as environmental stewards. The primary vehicle for fulfilling this intent is thru projects. Therefore, the civil engineering profession will continue to focus on defining, selecting, and implementing projects geared toward improving our natural and built environment, with sustainability being a key consideration and opportunity.<br>

WikiSysop: /* The Civil Engineering context */ add link

2025-01-14T16:48:26Z

The Civil Engineering context: add link

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:48, 14 January 2025
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	:''The practice of the '''civil engineering discipline''' by '''civil engineering professionals''' under the overall direction of a professional society such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) acting as the organized "'''civil engineering profession'''", '''impacts the health and vitality of a nation as no other profession does.''' The National Academy of Sciences has noted that the country's business competitiveness, military strength, health, and standard of living are intimately connected to engineering.''(Emphasis added) <Br>		:''The practice of the '''civil engineering discipline''' by '''civil engineering professionals''' under the overall direction of a professional society such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) acting as the organized "'''civil engineering profession'''", '''impacts the health and vitality of a nation as no other profession does.''' The National Academy of Sciences has noted that the country's business competitiveness, military strength, health, and standard of living are intimately connected to engineering.''(Emphasis added) <Br>
	As noted above, modern societies require modern and complex civil infrastructure successfully delivered by project organizations that control work development and allocation of labor, especially specialized labor. The complexity of these infrastructure projects will require the use of new management forms such as civil infrastructure programs to align multiple projects on major objectives, transfer knowledge between projects, adapt strategies to subtle shifts in program layer goals/objectives, mediate conflicts between program layer sponsors and project layer stakeholders; deliver more specialized forms of management control, namely oversight.<br>		As noted above, modern societies require modern and complex civil infrastructure successfully delivered by project organizations that control work development and allocation of labor, especially specialized labor. The complexity of these infrastructure projects will require the use of new management forms such as civil infrastructure programs to align multiple projects on major objectives, transfer knowledge between projects, adapt strategies to subtle shifts in program layer goals/objectives, mediate conflicts between program layer sponsors and project layer stakeholders; deliver more specialized forms of management control, namely oversight.<br>
	A significant portion of the latter of that assigned work is work allocated to engineering professionals, in this case, civil engineers. This will force changes in existing social forms and practices ~~as well as~~ continue to give rise to new allocations ~~of labor~~ and ~~recognition of~~ new civil infrastructure occupations. These changes and economic pressures will also challenge existing highly credentialed and regulated occupations, namely the engineering professions and civil engineering in particular.		A significant portion of the latter of that assigned work is work allocated to engineering professionals, in this case, civil engineers. This will force changes in existing social forms and practices, continue to give rise to new labor allocations and recognize new civil infrastructure occupations. These changes and economic pressures will also challenge existing highly credentialed and regulated occupations, namely the engineering professions and civil engineering in particular.
	:'''To generate value and social acceptance, the '''civil engineering profession''' must be able to identify, create, and continuously manage occupational and professional knowledge, especially technical knowledge, as knowledge may be the most strategically significant resource any profession can possess.'''		:'''To generate value and social acceptance, the '''civil engineering profession''' must be able to identify, create, and continuously manage occupational and professional knowledge, especially technical knowledge, as knowledge may be the most strategically significant resource any profession can possess.'''
	This will require the disciplined development and integrated application of empirical and theoretical knowledge, effective meta-knowledge, and meta-data in a manner that executes the project, manages risk, adds value, and meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, which is the purpose of the '''civil engineering discipline'''.<br>		This will require the disciplined development and integrated application of empirical and theoretical knowledge, effective meta-knowledge, and meta-data in a manner that executes the project, manages risk, adds value, and meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, which is the purpose of the '''civil engineering discipline'''.<br>

			''See also [[Infrastructure Project Management and Civil Engineering Practices Based on Lessons from the Second Avenue Subway Project]].''

	The '''civil engineering profession''' intends to deliver products, services, and projects in a manner that meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, thereby earning social trust and gaining recognition as environmental stewards. The primary vehicle for fulfilling this intent is thru projects. Therefore, the civil engineering profession will continue to focus on defining, selecting, and implementing projects geared toward improving our natural and built environment, with sustainability being a key consideration and opportunity.<br>		The '''civil engineering profession''' intends to deliver products, services, and projects in a manner that meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations, thereby earning social trust and gaining recognition as environmental stewards. The primary vehicle for fulfilling this intent is thru projects. Therefore, the civil engineering profession will continue to focus on defining, selecting, and implementing projects geared toward improving our natural and built environment, with sustainability being a key consideration and opportunity.<br>
	The role played by the '''civil engineering profession''' in the nation's well-being requires the application of '''civil engineering discipline''' knowledge to be practiced by highly credentialed and sometimes licensed or certificated '''civil engineering professionals''', paraprofessionals and other civil infrastructure occupationals who are knowledgeable and skilled at continuously maintaining the integrity and adequacy of both the design and project life cycle strategy in conformance with relevant professional responsibility and ethical standards.		The role played by the '''civil engineering profession''' in the nation's well-being requires the application of '''civil engineering discipline''' knowledge to be practiced by highly credentialed and sometimes licensed or certificated '''civil engineering professionals''', paraprofessionals and other civil infrastructure occupationals who are knowledgeable and skilled at continuously maintaining the integrity and adequacy of both the design and project life cycle strategy in conformance with relevant professional responsibility and ethical standards.

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	= Use of this Site =		= Use of this Site =
	Please note that use of this site is under our [[Risk_wiki:About\|Terms of Use]], [[Risk wiki:General disclaimer\|Disclaimer]] and [[Risk_wiki: Privacy_policy\|Privacy Notice]]. <br>		Please note that use of this site is under our [[Risk_wiki:About\|Terms of Use]], [[Risk wiki:General disclaimer\|Disclaimer]] and [[Risk_wiki: Privacy_policy\|Privacy Notice]]. <br>
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	but also in the past was termed "public works" and even before that "internal improvements". <br>		but also in the past was termed "public works" and even before that "internal improvements". <br>
	Indeed in the United States, we have a long history of federal support for building great infrastructures such as the National Road, Erie Canal, transcontinental railways, inland navigation coupled with flood mitigation and control, the Panama Canal, and the interstate highway system and efforts in improving seismic design and construction over the last century. <ref name="USACE2014" /> This has also stimulated discussion among world leaders on the ...		Indeed in the United States, we have a long history of federal support for building great infrastructures such as the National Road, Erie Canal, transcontinental railways, inland navigation coupled with flood mitigation and control, the Panama Canal, and the interstate highway system and efforts in improving seismic design and construction over the last century. <ref name="USACE2014" /> This has also stimulated discussion among world leaders on the ...
	:"''broad and urgent issues of energy, infrastructure (particularly for electricity and transportation), and climate change...(that) have become inextricably linked as societies around the world discuss, disagree, debate, and make decisions about properly balancing the production and use of energy against quality of life and economic opportunity.'' <ref name="USACE2014" />		:"''broad and urgent issues of energy, infrastructure (particularly for electricity and transportation), and climate change...(that) have become inextricably linked as societies around the world discuss, disagree, debate, and make decisions about properly balancing the production and use of energy against the quality of life and economic opportunity.'' <ref name="USACE2014" />
	:'''Therefore, for any society, even the ~~american~~ society, its economy is "... inextricably linked with the infrastructure that supports it...(and) the social, political, and economic structure of a society can magnify or mitigate the effects of a failure in infrastructure and vice versa."''' <ref name="USACE2014" />		:'''Therefore, for any society, even the American society, its economy is "... inextricably linked with the infrastructure that supports it...(and) the social, political, and economic structure of a society can magnify or mitigate the effects of a failure in infrastructure and vice versa."''' <ref name="USACE2014" />

	==Civil infrastructure and the rise of projects==		==Civil infrastructure and the rise of projects==
	Civil infrastructure like canals, railroads, bridges, etc. quickly became singular and substantial ventures for their sponsors, first cities, then nations. Not all succeeded as the state bankruptcies in the 19th ~~canal~~ building in the young United States ~~demonstrates~~. Even at the height of the industrial revolution and rise of ~~the~~ modern society, less than a dozen nation states built large scale infrastructure. Even in the 21st century, infrastructure is still viewed as a hallmark of advanced economic development. Crucially, the unique character of these undertakings marks an "...explicit and deliberate disconnection from history and future" ~~in order~~ to create the exceptional circumstances that facilitate the accelerated delivery of this infrastructure given its heavy cost and long schedules.<ref name="Grabher2015">Grabher, Gernot, and Joachim Thiel. "Projects, people, professions: Trajectories of learning through a mega-event (the London 2012 case)." Geoforum 65 (2015): 328-337.</ref>		Civil infrastructure, like canals, railroads, bridges, etc., quickly became singular and substantial ventures for their sponsors, first cities and then nations. Not all succeeded, as the state bankruptcies in the 19th Canal building in the young United States demonstrate. Even at the height of the industrial revolution and the rise of modern society, less than a dozen nation-states built large-scale infrastructure. Even in the 21st century, infrastructure is still viewed as a hallmark of advanced economic development. Crucially, the unique character of these undertakings marks an "...explicit and deliberate disconnection from history and future" to create the exceptional circumstances that facilitate the accelerated delivery of this infrastructure given its heavy cost and long schedules.<ref name="Grabher2015">Grabher, Gernot, and Joachim Thiel. "Projects, people, professions: Trajectories of learning through a mega-event (the London 2012 case)." Geoforum 65 (2015): 328-337.</ref>
	This investment also required organizations to manage the "unprecedented scale and complexity of the challenges with regard to capital investments, public attention and stakeholder participation". <ref name="Grabher2015"/> During ~~the duration of~~ this infrastructure effort, large scale organizations must be built and specialized labor recruited and mobilized. The sponsors must secure funding and negotiate with multiple stakeholders while contending with the daily direction of the ~~endeavour~~. <ref name="Grabher2015"/> Once the ~~endeavour~~ has been accomplished, the organization is dissolved in what has been termed "institutionalized termination"<ref>R.A. Lundin, A. Söderholm, A theory of the temporary organization, Scand. J. Manage., 11 (4) (1995), pp. 437–455</ref>. <ref name="Grabher2015"/> These efforts to accomplish the national ambitions for infrastructure gave rise to the modern vision of projects and were a driving social factor in at least two ways; creating an environment ~~which~~ fostered first the rise of the civil infrastructure occupation and then the engineering professions as well as the related industry and professional communities.As such, the notion of project allows a society to organize and manage its infrastructure ~~endeavour~~ as a distinct set of given tasks, separate from the “continuity of past/present/future” (Hernes et al., 2013) as well as an artificial constraint on its institutional life such as as a count down clock (Lundin et al., 2001)."<ref name="Grabher2015"/> <br>		This investment also required organizations to manage the "unprecedented scale and complexity of the challenges with regard to capital investments, public attention and stakeholder participation". <ref name="Grabher2015"/> During this infrastructure effort, large-scale organizations must be built and specialized labor recruited and mobilized. The sponsors must secure funding and negotiate with multiple stakeholders while contending with the daily direction of the endeavor. <ref name="Grabher2015"/> Once the endeavor has been accomplished, the organization is dissolved in what has been termed "institutionalized termination"<ref>R.A. Lundin, A. Söderholm, A theory of the temporary organization, Scand. J. Manage., 11 (4) (1995), pp. 437–455</ref>. <ref name="Grabher2015"/> These efforts to accomplish the national ambitions for infrastructure gave rise to the modern vision of projects and were a driving social factor in at least two ways: creating an environment that fostered first the rise of the civil infrastructure occupation and then the engineering professions as well as the related industry and professional communities. As such, the notion of a project allows a society to organize and manage its infrastructure endeavor as a distinct set of given tasks, separate from the “continuity of past/present/future” (Hernes et al., 2013) as well as an artificial constraint on its institutional life such as as a count down clock (Lundin et al., 2001)."<ref name="Grabher2015"/> <br>
	:'''The constant pressure to deliver infrastructure effectively and efficiently has forced the development and evolution of the project as the primary vehicle for successfully delivering civil infrastructure.'''		:'''The constant pressure to deliver infrastructure effectively and efficiently has forced the development and evolution of the project as the primary vehicle for successfully delivering civil infrastructure.'''

	==The Work of civil infrastructure and the rise of occupations==		==The Work of civil infrastructure and the rise of occupations==
	'''''A project needs to be designed by and around people and it's success is dependent upon the will, commitment and ability of those individuals for their creation, development and termination.''''' <ref>Lundin, Rolf A., and Anders Söderholm. "A theory of the temporary organization." Scandinavian Journal of management 11.4 (1995): 437-455</ref>		'''''A project needs to be designed by and around people and it's success is dependent upon the will, commitment and ability of those individuals for their creation, development and termination.''''' <ref>Lundin, Rolf A., and Anders Söderholm. "A theory of the temporary organization." Scandinavian Journal of management 11.4 (1995): 437-455</ref>
	Project organizations mobilize large numbers of people with a variety of education and experience in order to focus their energy in the form of work towards a common set of goals or objectives. A key factor in the success of these ~~endeavours~~ is the ability or capacity of the project to control the definition of the work tasks and the allocation of labor, more specifically, specific groups of labor to certain tasks. For civil infrastructure, this allocation is a continuum of labor "...differentiated by the [[Wikipedia:Locus_of_control\|locus of control]] over the division of labor" <ref name="Lewis1971">Lewis, Bronwen A., Browen A. Lewis, and Charles K. Warriner. "The job-profession continuum." Kansas Journal of Sociology (1971): 34-44.</ref> by the project organization as a way of determining of who does what, managed by whom. This allocation ~~of labor~~ is based upon the life experiences at any given time, of the mobilized labor forces, stratified into cohorts and their subsets and ~~constitute~~ the basis for labor occupations. <ref name="Abbott2005"> Abbott, Andrew, Chapter Title: Sociology of Work and Occupations, Chapter Author(s): Andrew Abbott, Book Title:Smelser, Neil J., and Richard Swedberg, eds. The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton ~~university press~~, 2005.</ref> In this sense when someone assigns a person an "occupation", it locates them in a ~~categories~~ of workers accomplishing tasks within a division of labor. <ref name="Abbott2005"/> Abbott argues further that occupations have several other realities, ~~namely~~ they are identifiable and stable groups of ~~worker~~ (as opposed to simple categories of transient work) with sustained participation which may occasionally rise to the level of being formally recognized such as the crafts or professions.<ref name="Abbott2005"/> <br>		Project organizations mobilize large numbers of people with a variety of education and experience in order to focus their energy in the form of work towards a common set of goals or objectives. A key factor in the success of these endeavors is the ability or capacity of the project to control the definition of the work tasks and the allocation of labor, more specifically, specific groups of labor to certain tasks. For civil infrastructure, this allocation is a continuum of labor "...differentiated by the [[Wikipedia:Locus_of_control\|locus of control]] over the division of labor" <ref name="Lewis1971">Lewis, Bronwen A., Browen A. Lewis, and Charles K. Warriner. "The job-profession continuum." Kansas Journal of Sociology (1971): 34-44.</ref> by the project organization as a way of determining of who does what, managed by whom. This labor allocation is based upon the life experiences at any given time of the mobilized labor forces, stratified into cohorts and their subsets and constituting the basis for labor occupations. <ref name="Abbott2005"> Abbott, Andrew, Chapter Title: Sociology of Work and Occupations, Chapter Author(s): Andrew Abbott, Book Title:Smelser, Neil J., and Richard Swedberg, eds. The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton University Press, 2005.</ref> In this sense, when someone assigns a person an "occupation", it locates them in a category of workers accomplishing tasks within a division of labor. <ref name="Abbott2005"/> Abbott argues further that occupations have several other realities; namely, they are identifiable and stable groups of workers (as opposed to simple categories of transient work) with sustained participation, which may occasionally rise to the level of being formally recognized such as the crafts or professions.<ref name="Abbott2005"/> <br>
	Project organizations manage the accomplishment of civil infrastructure within this space of project work and available labor by means of management and allocation of that mobilized labor. The fundamental locus of this process is the product of project work assigned to a specific labor group or occupation. Within this framework, one can define the term of "job" as allocated work for which no control is exerted over the allocation. ~~An occupation in~~ this sense is determined by the project organization where there is consensus over the tasks to be allocated to this portion of the labor force. Classical thinking in sociology has taught that occupations were different than professions or crafts in that the consensus had not been developed through formalized training or regulatory authority. <ref name="Lewis1971"/>		Project organizations manage the accomplishment of civil infrastructure within this space of project work and available labor by means of management and allocation of that mobilized labor. The fundamental locus of this process is the product of project work assigned to a specific labor group or occupation. Within this framework, one can define the term "job" as allocated work for which no control is exerted over the allocation. In this sense, an occupation is determined by the project organization, where there is consensus over the tasks to be allocated to this portion of the labor force. Classical thinking in sociology has taught that occupations were different than professions or crafts in that the consensus had not been developed through formalized training or regulatory authority. <ref name="Lewis1971"/>
	:'''The constant pressure to deliver infrastructure effectively and efficiently has forced the development and evolution of the project organization's capacity and capability to control the definition of work and the allocation of labor.'''		:'''The constant pressure to deliver infrastructure effectively and efficiently has forced the development and evolution of the project organization's capacity and capability to control the definition of work and the allocation of labor.'''
	::In the case of the ~~later~~, ~~the importance~~ is to allocate work to identifiable and stable groups of workers (as opposed to simple categories of transient work) with sustained participation, resulting in specialized experience and learning.		:: In the case of the latter, it is important to allocate work to identifiable and stable groups of workers (as opposed to simple categories of transient work) with sustained participation, resulting in specialized experience and learning.
	:Over time and with the emergence of technology, this allocation of labor would give rise to certain occupations achieving the level of being formally recognized, namely the crafts and professions.		: Over time and with the emergence of technology, this allocation of labor would give rise to certain occupations achieving the level of being formally recognized, namely the crafts and professions.
	==Civil Infrastructure and the rise of the engineering professions==		==Civil Infrastructure and the rise of the engineering professions==
	'''''The modern professions developed during the early eras of capitalism in Europe, but they were distinctive in societies increasingly dominated by the logic and spirit of the market... caveat emptor (“let the buyer beware”) versus credat emptor (“let the taker believe in us''”).'''<ref>Harper, D. (2007). Work and occupations. In C. D. Bryant, & D. L. Peck, 21st century sociology: a reference handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. </ref><br>		'''''The modern professions developed during the early eras of capitalism in Europe, but they were distinctive in societies increasingly dominated by the logic and spirit of the market... caveat emptor (“let the buyer beware”) versus credat emptor (“let the taker believe in us''”).'''<ref>Harper, D. (2007). Work and occupations. In C. D. Bryant, & D. L. Peck, 21st century sociology: a reference handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. </ref><br>